Maternity Mortality In USA

Maternal Mortality in the USA

A Fact Sheet

• The World Health Organization reported in 2007 that 40 other countries have lower maternal death rates than the United States.

• The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) report that there has been no improvement in the maternal death rate in the United States since 1982.

• The CDC estimated in 1998 that the US maternal death rate is actually 1.3 to three times that reported in vital statistics records because of underreporting of such deaths. (1)

• The CDC reported in 1995 that the “magnitude of the pregnancy-related mortality problem is grossly understated.” (2)

• The rate of maternal death directly related to pregnancy or birth appears to be rising in the United States. In 1982, the rate was approximately 7.5 deaths per 100,000 live births. By 2004, that rate had risen to 13.1 deaths per 100,000 births. By 2005, the rate was 15.1 deaths.

• The CDC estimates that more than half of the reported maternal deaths in the United States could have been prevented by early diagnosis and treatment. (1)

• Autopsies should be performed on all women of childbearing age who die if there is to be complete ascertainment of maternal deaths.

• Numerous studies have found that in 25 to 40 percent of cases in which an autopsy is done, it reveals an undiagnosed cause of death.

• In the 1960s, autopsies were performed on almost half of deaths.

• The United States now does autopsies on fewer than 5 percent of hospital deaths.

• Reporting of maternal deaths in the United States is done via an honor system. There are no statutes providing for penalties for misreporting or failing to report maternal deaths.

• In the United States, the risk of maternal death among black women is about 4 times higher than among white women. For 2005, the rate was 36.5 deaths per 100,000 live births.

• Most countries with lower maternal death rates than the United States use a different definition of “maternal death”, which, unlike the United States’ definition, includes those deaths directly related to pregnancy or birth which take place during the period between six weeks postpartum and one year after the end of pregnancy.

• Complete and correct ascertainment of all maternal deaths is key to preventing maternal deaths.

• The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland), which has functioned since 1952, is the system believed to have achieved the most complete ascertainment of maternal deaths while guaranteeing utmost confidentiality. See www.cemach.org.uk

• The maternal mortality rate for cesarean section is four times higher than for vaginal birth and is still twice as high when it is a routine repeat cesarean section without any emergency. (3,4)

• There is currently no federal legislation mandating maternal mortality review at a state level.

• Fewer than half of the states conduct state-wide maternal mortality review.

• Hospitals do not release reports of maternal deaths to the public; hospital employees are required to keep such information to themselves.

• The Healthy People 2010 Goal is no more than 3.3 maternal deaths per 100,000 births. This is a goal that other nations have achieved.

Notes

1. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, September 4, 1998, Vol. 47, No. 34.

2. Atrash HK, Alexander S, Berg CJ. Maternal mortality in developed countries: Not just a concern of the past. Obstet Gynecol 1995;86:700-5.

3. Petitti D et al. In hospital maternal mortality in the United States. Obstet Gynecol, Vol 59, pp. 6-11, 1982.

4. Petitti D. Maternal mortality and morbidity in cesarean section. Clin Obstet Gynecol,Vol. 28, pp. 763-768, 1985.

5. The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom, www.cemach.org.uk

Prepared by Ina May Gaskin, MA, CPM, Coordinator for the Safe Motherhood Quilt Project, 149 Apple Orchard Lane, Summertown, TN 38483, www.rememberthemothers.net, www.inamay.com

Where To Have A Baby: Home – Hospital – Birth Center?

When making a decision of where to have your baby there are a score of questions to consider:

1.   Measure of Risk vs. Control.

2.  Pain Management vs. Natural Coping Tools (How do you personally view medicine: do you trust or mistrust the medical model medicine or would prefer the alternative coping tools?)

3.  Baby-Centered ASPECT:  considering what’s important:

a. Separation of the baby at birth.

b.  Potential Medications going into your Baby. (These could be allopathic or alternative medicines.)

4.  Where do you feel SAFE / SUPPORTED? Most important question to ask yourself.

5.   What are your greatest FEARS with birth?

6.  Why are you choosing the place to have your baby?

7.  Have you ever SEEN a birth? TV, internet, film, live?

8.  What was YOUR BIRTH like?  What about your siblings?  Grandmothers?

9.   Were you breastfed? How long?

10.  What is an image of an IDEAL BIRTH?

11.  AUTHORITY, what does that mean to you?  You may need to let someone else make decisions for you and your baby. If this is your preference,  labor doulas/assistants,  will give you information regarding personal choices and you will either assume that power or give the power away be it to a medical caregiver, doula, childbirth educator, sister, friend, or a mother.

Homebirth and Hospital environments are at one end of the spectrum and a Birth Center is a happy medium whether it is located in hospital or free standing out of hospital.
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When I interviewed a mother of two, planning a Home Birth, the following were MOST important to her:

1.  EMPOWERMENT:  Feeling like she had some sort of say/power/control/connection placenta21with what was happening during her pregnancy, labor and birth.  Surrounding herself with a TEAM of women to support  HER NEEDS, not their agenda’s.

2. READING: two favorite books:

a. Nurturing Your Unborn Child, By Thomas Verny, Pam Weintraub

b. Continuum Concept, Jean Liedloff

3.  MEDICAL PERSON:  Visits with the MIDWIFE, even though the midwife was not warm and fuzzy, she was supportive to the mother’s wishes and did not ‘yes’ her at the prenatals.

a.  She had a NUTRITIONIST on staff who had the mother write down one week’s diet. The nutritionist went over it with her to make sure she was getting all the appropriate nutrients included in her diet.

This mother, who’d not eaten yogur,t was told by a friend, “EAT YOGURT…you need yogurt.”  The midwife asked her if she even liked  yogurt and the mother said NO…so the suggestion was to bone up on other protein and calcium foods  she DID eat and like. She didn’t do something because someone told her to do it.

4. DOULA: Having another set of hands, a friend, a doula, someone who could communicate with her without even speaking…knowing exactly where to massage, or bring her something to drink or eat was invaluable!  Chemistry was very important!!.

(THE PARENTS MAY BE INTERVIEWING THE DOULA and THE DOULA IS INTERVIEWING THE PARENTS.)

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When I interviewed a mother of three, pregnant with her fourth child, planning on a Hospital Birth, the following were MOST important to her:

image00121. EXERCISE: Helped labor go more smoothly, body felt more toned, strong during pregnancy and labor.  Recovery was faster, more in touch with her body, and found exercising everyday was really important.

a.  With one baby, she exercised more often than with the others. As a result of this, she feels her baby girl is much stronger in her body than her other children because of that.

2. MASSAGE:Towards the end of the pregnancy and even earlier stages she was having regular massage. (once a week.) It helps to release the pain in her body, the back, etc. and helped her to feel more comfortable, particularly in the last few months.  It was a time for bonding with her baby and her doula.  It’s important the doula bond with the baby as well.

3. DOULA: Incredible, ultimate support to have someone there with the knowledge, experience and insights as to what might happen next, or what to do when things were happening.  Doula’s know what to ask and how to make her more comfortable.

4. READING: 10 books at my bedside…can’t really remember…all.

a.  Week to Week book on Development: her favorite:

b.   Pregnancy Week-by-Week[Spiral-Bound]Jane McDougall

c.  Was reading some book on a special breathing technique from Switzerland…never really helped me…second birth pushing stage was really important what she did that time..blow instead of push hard!!.

5. OBSTETRICIAN:She chose an OB instead of a midwife.  The bad thing about it was it was a group practice instead of a private practice and it was random who she would get for the birth.  She felt they were all good doctors, but didn’t like the randomness.

6. HOSPITAL SETTING:  She had expectations of what it would be like. Checking in was annoying, but she dealt with that.  She was pleased with the nurses and staff overall and  felt most safe to have her babies there.
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When I interviewed a mother with her first pregnancy, planning on a Birth Center, the following were MOST important to her:

1.  CONVENIENT FOR INSURANCE: because they decided not to have a home birth, 156239_10150879052402834_556652833_9494966_387452481_athis was the best of both worlds.

2.  CHOICE REASON: The husband was not comfortable to do the home birth, perfect balance in his mind.  RISK FREE:  to him meant being IN a birth center, close to the facilities that could help out, “just in case”.

There was no luxuriating in the Birth Center.  They wanted her out within 12 hours postpartum. She wanted to be out because the nurses were mad at her she wouldn’t get out of the tub when she was pushing so in turn, they were less gentle with her baby.

3. DOULA: was key to her birth because her doula was a ‘water specialist.’  This was the most important factor for her…more than her medical caregiver who knew nothing about water birth. Her 1st birth was on the obstetrical floor and the 1st underwater birth at that hospital. Her 2nd child, was at the same hospital in the birth center this time, underwater.

4. PREPARATION FOR BIRTHS:  Because of the desire to have a waterbirth this mother read a number of waterbirth books, articles and watched one video out at that time.  This was 1993 & 1996.  The father’s comments were, “laboring and birthing in water is more like making love.” The childbirth education was mandatory for them to be in the birth center but they did not find it particularly valuable.

5. BIRTH PLAN: The obstetrician suggested and encouraged the mother to have a BIRTH PLAN and to hang it in the birth room on the wall so the nurses and other staff people could see her wishes.  The DOULA also supported the idea.  It was more important in the preparation of doing it because it helped her be clear about what she wanted and not wanted.

6. BEFORE PG – COLONICS: With the first pregnancy, she did a lot of them  in order to get ready for the pregnancy which helped her feel more balanced and clean.  At 36 years old, she conceived her child on the first try.  With the second child almost 3 years later, she didn’t do any colonics and it took 3 months to conceive.
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When I interviewed a father of three, pregnant with their fourth child, planning on a Hospital Birth, the following were MOST important to him:

432262_274010282676415_174644272613017_637875_215375228_nWHY CHOSE A HOSPITAL BIRTH: He didn’t really draw a line with their decision to go to a hospital as a major decision.  He realize he’d never been at a home birth and had nothing  to compareit to other than, several couples he know who’d completely gone the other way and had no doctors visits with the following results:

1.  delivered a stillborn at home with a midwife,

2. child almost died because the cord was tangled around its neck,

3.  delivered at 27 weeks, had a C section and the baby is still in the NICU (had she not gotten there asap, it would have been disastrous).

For him,understanding  the protocol in the hospital was essential notbecause he had to obey it, but because being in the hospital environment offered him options in case something went wrong. Options that might not be available quick enough when doing a home birth.  Although these kinds of complications are a small possibility in childbirth, his understanding is there is little time after a complication occurs to make decisions.

2. DOULA: -Was helpful as being well educated and conveying, not everything he hospital requires HAS to be done when the hospital wants it done.

3.  WIFE CARE: It was very important to this father to make sure his partner is able to feel calm and  she was in good hands to focus on her “delivery.”  This was achieved by the combination of having the right food, water, doctor and level of support from everyone in a relaxed manner.

4.  COMMUNICATIONS WITH Obstetrician: His prior experiences with an obstetrician in a hospital was the understanding there might be times in the process when the parents are questioned. If that happens not to take it personally. This was a tough one because the parents have to haveenough self-confidence to stay centered in that situation.

5.  SUMMARY: He thinks the most important thing is to understand that being well prepared requires good education, That’s where I think a doula or birth assistant invaluable!
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From MY perspective, the MOST important  key elements at any birth:

                                            BREATH / BODY / BABY

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1. Stay connected to your BREATH, which is your heart coherence center.

2. Stay present by being IN your BODY as opposed to leaving or numbing your body.

3. Always keep the lines of communication and connection open with your BABY.

TRUTH AS I KNOW IT:

As a birth caregiver, I can get the word out there but ultimately, it is up to the mother and baby to integrate, assimilate and implement the information or suggestions to the best of their ability.  There are no failures, there is only experience and from that experience is the potential for learning, growth and finding  peace with whatever unfolds.